The Mystery of Knowledge

Man has always been fascinated by ultimate things--life, death,
the origin of the world--and his discoveries in other fields of
knowledge have given him confidence to assume that some day these
mysteries will also yield to the power of his intellect. Such
pride of mind, however, can only lead away from the truth, which,
according to Orthodox teaching, is the aim and foundation of all
true knowledge. How is such knowledge acquired? Here we have part
of a longer essay by the renowned Serbian theologlan of blessed
memory, Archimandrite Justin Popovich (+1979), in which he distills
the writings of Saint Isaac the Syrian on the Orthodox theology of
knowledge. Briefly, he explains that because man's understanding
became darkened through sin, through consorting with evil, he became
incapable of true knowledge. Man can come to this knowledge only
when his soul (the seat of understanding) is healed. This is made
possible by means of the virtues, and the primary virtue in this
remedial process is faith. 'Through faith, the mind, which was
previously dispersed among the passions, is concentrated, freed
from sensuality, and endowed with peace and humility of thought
.... It is by the ascesis of faith that a man conquers egotism,
steps beyond the bounds of self, and enters into a new, transcendent
reality which also transcends subjectivity." In separate sections,
Fr. Justin discusses prayer, humility, love and grace, all requisite
companions of faith, before leading the reader into "The Mystery of
Knowledge," which we have reprinted below with slight abbreviations.

According to the teaching of St. Isaac the Syrian, there are two
sorts of knowledge: that which precedes faith and that which is
born of faith. The former is natural knowledge and involves the
discernment of good and evil. The latter is spiritual knowledge and
is "the perception of the mysteries,'' "the perception of what is
hidden," "the contemplation of the invisible."

There are also two sorts of faith: the first comes through
hearing and is confirmed and proven by the second, "the faith of
contemplation," "the faith that is based on what has been seen." In
order to acquire spiritual knowledge, a man must first be freed from
natural knowledge. This is the work of faith. It is by the ascesis
of faith that there comes to man that "unknown power" that makes
him capable of spiritual knowledge. If a man allows himself to be
caught in the web of natural knowledge, it is more difficult for
him to free himself from it than to cast off iron bonds, and his
life is lived "against the edge of a sword."

When a man begins to follow the path of faith, he must lay aside
once and for all his old methods of knowing, for faith has its
own methods. Then natural knowledge ceases and spiritual knowledge
takes its place. Natural knowledge is contrary to faith, for faith,
and all that comes from faith, is "the destruction of the laws of
knowledge'--though not of spiritual, but of natural knowledge.

The chief characteristic of natural knowledge is its approach by
examination and experimentation. This is in itself "a sign of
uncertainty about the truth." Faith, on the contrary, follows
a pure and simple way of thought that is far removed from all
guile and methodical examination. These two paths lead in opposite
directions. The house of faith is "childlike thoughts and simplicity
of heart," for it is said, "Glorify God in simplicity of heart"
(cf . Col. 3:22), and: Except ye be converted and become as
little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven
(Matt. 18:3). Natural knowledge stands opposed both to simplicity
of heart and simplicity of thought. This knowledge only works within
the limits of nature, "but faith has its own path beyond nature."

The more a man devotes himself to the ways of natural knowledge,
the more he is seized on by fear and the less can he free himself
from it. But if he follows faith, he is immediately freed and "as
a son of God, has the power to make free use of all things." "The
man who loves this faith acts like God in the use of all created
things," for to faith is given the power "to be like God in making a
new creation." Thus it is written: "Thou desiredst, and all things
are presented before thee" (cf. Job 23:13). Faith can often "bring
forth all things out of nothing," while knowledge can do nothing
"without the help of matter." Knowledge has no power over nature,
but faith has such power. Armed with faith, men have entered into
the fire and quenched the flames, being untouched by them. Others
have walked on the waters as on dry land. All these things are
"beyond nature"; they go against the modes of natural knowledge
and reveal the vanity of such modes. Faith "moves about above
nature." The ways of natural knowledge ruled the world for more
than 5,000 years, and man was unable to "lift his gaze from the
earth and understand the might of his Creator" until "our faith
arose and delivered us from the shadows of the works of this world"
and from a fragmented mind. He who has faith "will lack nothing,"
and, when he has nothing, "he possesses all things by faith,"
as it is written: All things whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer,
believing, ye shall receive (Matt. 21:22); and also; The Lord is
near; be anxious for nothing (Phil. 4:6).

Natural laws do not exist for faith. St. Isaac emphasizes this very
strongly: All things are possible to him that believeth (Mark 9:23),
for with God nothing is impossible .... To step beyond the limits of
nature and to enter into the realm of the supernatural is considered
to be against nature, as something irrational and impossible
.... Nevertheless, this natural knowledge, according to St. Isaac,
is not at fault. It is not to be rejected. It is just that faith
is higher than it is. This knowledge is only to be condemned in so
far as, by the different means it uses, it turns against faith. But
when this knowledge "is joined with faith, becoming one with her,
clothing itself in her burning thoughts," when it "acquires wings
of passionlessness," then, using other means than natural ones, it
rises up from the earth "into the realm of its Creator," into the
supernatural. This knowledge is then fulfilled by faith and receives
the power to "rise to the heights," to perceive him who is beyond
all perception and to "see the brightness that is incomprehensible
to the mind and knowledge of created beings." Knowledge is the level
from which a man rises up to the heights of faith. When he reaches
these heights, he has no more need of it - for it is written: We
know in part, but when that which is perfect is come, then that
which is in part shall be done away (I Cor. 13:9-10). Faith reveals
to us now the truth of perfection, as if it were before our eyes. It
is by faith that we learn that which is beyond our grasp -by faith
and not by enquiry and the power of knowledge. /... /

There are three spiritual modes in which knowledge rises and
falls, and by which it moves and changes. These are the body,
the soul, and the spirit .... At its lowest level, knowledge
"follows the desires of the flesh," concerning itself with
riches, vainglory, dress, repose of body, and the search for
rational wisdom. This knowledge invents the arts and sciences
and all that adorns the body in this visible world. But in
all this, such knowledge is contrary to faith. It is known as
"mere knowledge, for it is deprived of all thought of the
divine and, by its fleshly character, brings to the mind an
irrational weakness, because in it the mind is overcome by
the body and its entire concern is for the things of this
world." It is puffed up and filled with pride, for it refers
every good work to itself and not to God. That which the
Apostle said, knowledge puffeth up (I Cor. 8:1), was

Faith presents a new way of thinking, through which is effected
all the work of knowing in the believing man. This new way of
thinking is humility .... It is by humility that the intellect
is healed and made whole... The humble man is the fount of
the mysteries of the new age.

obviously said of this knowledge, which is not linked with faith and
hope in God, and not of true knowledge. True, spiritual knowledge,
linked with humility, brings to perfection the soul of those who have
acquired it, as is seen in Moses, David, Isaiah, Peter, Paul, and all
those who, within the limits of human nature, were counted worthy
of this perfect knowledge. With them, knowledge is always immersed
in pondering things strange to this world, in divine revelations and
lofty contemplation of spiritual things and ineffable mysteries. In
their eyes, their own souls are but dust and ashes." Knowledge
that comes of the flesh is criticized by Christians, who see it as
opposed not only to faith but to every act of virtue.

It is not difficult to see that in this first and lowest degree
of knowledge of which St. Isaac speaks is included virtually the
whole of European philosophy, from naive realism to idealism--and
all science from the atomism of Democritus to Einstein's relativity.

From the first and lowest degree of knowledge, man moves on to
the second, when he begins both in body and soul to practice the
virtues: fasting, prayer, almsgiving, the reading of Holy Scripture,
the struggle with the passions, and so forth. Every good work, every
goodly disposition of the soul in this second degree of knowledge,
is begun and performed by the Holy Spirit through the working of
this particular knowledge. The heart is shown the paths that lead
to faith, even though this knowledge remains "bodily and composite."

The third degree of knowledge is that of perfection. "When knowledge
rises up above the earth and the care for earthly things and begins
to examine its own interior and hidden thoughts, scorning that from
which the evil of the passions springs and rising up to follow the
way of faith in concern for the lift-' to come ...'

It is very difficult, and often impossible, to express in words the
mystery and nature of knowledge. In the realm of human thought, there
is no ready definition that can explain it completely. St. Isaac
therefore gives many different definitions of knowledge. He is
continually exercised in this matter, and the problem stands like
a burning question mark before the eyes of this holy ascetic. The
saint presents answers from his rich and blessed experience,
achieved through long and hard ascesis. But the most profound, and
to my mind the most exhaustive answer that man can give to this
question is that given by St. Isaac in the form of a dialogue:
"Question: What is knowledge? "Answer: The perception of eternal
life. "Question: And what is eternal life?

"Answer: "To perceive all things in God. For love comes through
understanding, and the knowledge of God is ruler over all desires. To
the heart that receives this knowledge every delight that exists
on earth is superfluous, for there is nothing that can compare with
the delight of the knowledge of God.

Knowledge is therefore victory over death, the linking of this life
with immortal life and the uniting of man with God. The very act of
knowledge touches on the immortal, for it is by knowledge that man
passes beyond the limits of the subjective and enters the realm of
the trans-subjective. And when the trans-subjective object is God,
then the mystery of knowledge becomes the mystery of mysteries and
the enigma of enigmas. Such knowledge is a mystical fabric woven
on the loom of the soul by the man who is united with God.

For human knowledge the most vital problem is that of
truth. Knowledge bears within itself an irresistible pull towards the
infinite mystery, and this hunger for truth that is instinctive to
human knowledge is never satisfied until eternal and absolute Truth
itself becomes the substance of human knowledge until knowledge,
in its own self-perception, acquires the perception of God, and
in its own self knowledge comes to the knowledge of God. But this
is given to man only by Christ, the God-Man, he who is the only
incarnation and personification of eternal truth in the world of
human realities. When a man has received the God-Man into himself,
as the soul of his soul and the life of his life, then that man is
constantly filled with the knowledge of eternal truth. /..,/

It is the man who restores and transforms his organs of knowledge
by the practice of the virtues that comes to the perception and
knowledge of the truth. For him faith and knowledge, and all
that goes with them, are one indivisible and organic whole. They
fulfill and are fulfilled by one another, and each confirms and
supports the other. "The light of the mind gives birth to faith,"
says St. Isaac, "and faith gives birth to the consolation of hope,
while hope fortifies the heart. Faith is the enlightenment of the
understanding. Faith, which bathes the understanding in light,
frees man from pride and doubt, and is known as "the knowledge and
manifestation of the truth,"

Holy knowledge comes from a holy life, but pride darkens that holy
knowledge. The light of truth increases and decreases according
to a man's way of life. Terrible temptations fall upon those who
seek to live a spiritual life. The ascetic of faith must therefore
pass through great sufferings and misfortunes in order to come to
knowledge of the truth.

A troubled mind and chaotic thoughts are the fruit of a disordered
life, and these darken the soul. When the passions are driven
from the soul with the help of the virtues, when "the curtain
of the passions is drawn back from the eyes of the mind," then
the intellect can perceive the glory of the other world. The soul
grows by means of the virtues, the mind is confirmed in the truth
and becomes unshakable, "girded for encountering and slaying every
passion." Freedom from the passions is brought about by crucifying
of both the intellect and the flesh. This makes a man capable
of contemplating God. The intellect is crucified when unclean
thoughts are driven out of it, and the body when the passions are
up-rooted. "A body given over to pleasure cannot be the abode of
the knowledge of God.'

True knowledge "the revelation of the mysteries"--is attained by
means of the virtues, and this is "the knowledge that saves."

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An excerpt from the chapter, 'The Theory of Knowledge of Saint Isaac
the Syrian," in Orthodox Faith and Life in Christ by Archimandrite
Justin Popovich, reprinted by kind permission of the translator,
Fr. Asterios Gerostergios.

This volume is comprised of several essays and selected texts from
longer works, which reflect Fr. Justin's theological brilliance
in its varied dimensions. His Christocentric philosophy argues
irrefutably against not only secular humanism but also against
humanistic Christianity, which is now making inroads even in the
Orthodox world. The book is available from the publisher:

Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 115 Gilbert Road,
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